关于王勃写下的滕王阁序教案

发布时间:2021-05-14 点击:

  滕王阁序

  导标显示屏幕

  1. 学习掌握有关作家作品和文体知识,学习本文写景抒情的表达技巧;

  2. 积累掌握故、尽、属、即、胜、数、舛、幸、且、矣等实词虚词的多义用法;

  3. 背诵课文名段并积累有关成语典故和名言警句知识。

  导学点拨窗口

  【探海导航】

  《滕王阁序》是骈文的优秀篇章,学习时要抓住文体特点。本文用典多,文辞简奥,给诵读理解带来了一定的困难。为此,要仔细阅读课文注释,疏通文意;对于一些较难理解的地方,可以查找有关词典资料以加深理解。学习中,要充分利用本文句式对偶、音韵和谐、辞采华美等特点,加强理解和诵读。诵读时,除了注意句式的错落变化,还要像读诗词那样,注意每个句子节奏的划分。文意的理解重点要注意第五段所运用的几个典故的含义和作用。实词的理解,也可以利用句式特点加以体会。如“时维九月,序属三秋”,句式对偶(正对),词义相近。“时”与“序”是同义词,即“时序”之意;“维”与“属”是同义词,即“在、是”之意。虚词的理解要注意其在结构和抒情上所起的作用。总之,对骈文句式的理解,是学习的关键,可结合跟踪试题的练习强化这方面的知识和记忆。

  【思路结构】

  本文全题为《秋日登洪府滕王阁饯别序》,此序当为赠序而非书序。聚散之因缘,登高之见闻,贤主嘉宾之寒暄,旧识新交之志趣等都是赠序之应有之义。如何立意寓旨,如何取舍结构,则颇见为文之功底。王勃天生才智,宛如妙手偶得。统观全文,由地及人,由人及景,由景及情,步步递进,紧扣题意。文因饯别而作,但对于宴会之盛仅略叙数笔带过,而倾全力写登阁所见之景,因景而生之情,这就脱去了一般饯别文章颂扬、应酬的窠臼,辟出了自家新径。结构图:

  第 一 段:扣“洪 府”, 地势雄伟、物产珍异、

  人才杰出、宾主尊贵。

  第二、三段:扣“秋日登阁”, 楼阁壮丽、山川胜景,

  秋景特色,流光溢彩

  第四、五段:扣“饯”, 宴会胜况,人生遇合

  借古勉今,穷且益坚

  第六、七段:扣“别”, 自叙遭际,谢主引宾

  【疑难指津】

  ·如何理解作者在文中流露的思想感情? 作者在着意铺叙美景之后,以腾挪跌宕的笔势,由逸游的豪兴,陡然引出自己仕途坎坷的感慨,表白了报国无门却壮志不坠的执着态度。“望长安于日下”四句抒写了远离京城,失意流落之情,接着从关山难越,念及英雄失路,连用屈原、贾谊、冯唐、李广四人的典故借怀才不遇的人物表达自己有志难伸的悲愤。至“所赖”一提,振起全篇。“老当益壮”几句,勉励同仁不要因因年华易逝和处境困顿而自暴自弃,为全篇警策。接着又以“大鹏”作比,表明凌云之志,又用“失之东隅,收之桑榆”的成句,表明自己信心未泯。同时,又反用“贫泉”“涸辙”、阮籍之典,说明处困顿而清操不移,逆境中壮志弥坚。作者就是如此展示了其抑扬升沉的情感发展轨迹,披露了交织于内心的希望与失望,追求与痛苦,奋进与失意的复杂情感。

  ··本文骈俪句式有何特点?全文以四六句为主,杂以六四句,七字句,六字句,四字句,三字句,二字句,乃至一字句。这些句式,根据表意的需要而交错运用,使节奏分明,内容启承转合。骈是“两马并驾”的意思,俪是“男女成对”之意,骈俪就是使用对偶句,是骈文的共同特点,但这篇序文尤为突出。全篇采用对偶句,不但字面相对,而且音韵大体相对。即一句之中,平节和仄节交替,上下联之间,平节与仄节相对。如“天高地迥,觉宇宙之无穷;兴尽悲来,识盈虚之有数”为:平平仄仄,仄仄仄(之)平平;仄仄平平,仄平平(之)仄仄。“屈贾谊于长沙,非无圣主;窜梁鸿于海曲,岂乏明时”为:“仄仄仄(于)平平,平平仄仄;仄平平(于)仄仄,仄仄平平。“落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色”为:仄平仄平仄平平,平仄平平平仄仄。如此讲求音律,又不影响意义表达,写出来的句子当然抑扬顿挫,富于乐感,富于诗意。

  【语言揣摩】

  1. “潦水尽而寒潭清,烟光凝而暮山紫”“落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一 色”

  评析:作者善用灵活多变的笔法描写山容水态,表现楼台壮观,从而把读者带人身临其境的审美境地。“潦水尽而寒潭清,烟光凝而暮山紫”写出了色彩变化之美。这两句不囿于静止的画面色彩,而着力表现水光山色的色彩变幻:寒潭之水因积水退尽而一片清明;傍晚的山峦因暮霭笼罩而呈紫色。上句设色淡雅,下句设色浓重,在色彩的浓淡对比中,突出秋日景物的特征,被前人誉为“写尽九月之景”。 “落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色” 更是写景名句,青天碧水,天水相接,上下浑然一色:彩霞自上而下,孤鹜自下而上,相映增辉,构成一幅色彩明丽而又上下浑成的绝妙好图。该两句在句式上不但上下句相对,而且在一句中自成对偶,形成“当句对”的特点。如“潦水”对“寒潭”,“烟光”对“暮山”, “落霞”对“孤鹜”,“秋水”对“长天”,这是王勃骈文的一大特点。

  运用:(翻译)蓄积的雨水已经消尽,潭水寒冷而清澈,烟光雾气凝结傍晚的山峦呈现出紫色。

  2. “落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色”

  评析:这一句更是写景名句,青天碧水,天水相接,上下浑然一色:彩霞自上而下,孤鹜自下而上,相映增辉,构成一幅色彩明丽而又上下浑成的绝妙好图。该两句在句式上不但上下句相对,而且在一句中自成对偶,形成“当句对”的特点。如“潦水”对“寒潭”,“烟光”对“暮山”, “落霞”对“孤鹜”,“秋水”对“长天”,这是王勃骈文的一大特点。

  运用:(翻译) 落霞与孤独的野鸭一起飞翔,秋天的江水和辽阔的天空浑然一色。

  2.“老当益壮,宁移白首之心?穷且益坚,不坠青云之志。”

  评析:这是全文中最富思想意义的警语。历来有志之士对自己的理想总是能尽量克服一切困难执着地追求,即算在郁郁不得志的逆境当中也不消沉放弃。东汉马援云:“大丈夫为志,穷当益坚,老当益壮。”王勃在此化用,强调“失路之人”不要因年华易逝和处境困顿而自暴自弃。王勃此时怀才不遇,仍有这般情怀,确实难能可贵。句中“老当益壮”“白首之心”“穷且益坚”“青云之志”现均可作成语使用。

  运用:人老了应当更有壮志,哪能在白发苍苍之时改变自己的追求?处境艰难更应当坚强,不能放弃远大崇高的志向。

  【名题讲析】

  下面是一副名胜古迹的对联,阅读后回答1-3题。

  一楼何奇?杜少陵五言绝唱,范希文两字关情,滕子京百废俱兴,吕纯阳三过必醉,诗耶?儒耶?吏耶?仙耶?前不见古人,使我怆然涕下!

  诸君请看,洞庭湖南极潇湘,扬子江北通巫峡,巴陵山西来爽气,岳阳城东道崖疆。潴者!流者!峙者!镇者!此中有真意,问谁领会得来?

  1.“一楼何奇”中的“楼”具体指的应该是( )

  A.鹳鹊楼 B.岳阳楼 C.滕王阁 D.黄鹤楼

  解析:本对联用典较多,且多为文史典故,好在我们学过四楼的有关作品。其中岳阳楼、滕王阁、黄鹤楼号称江南三大名楼。本题考查对对联中有效信息的把握能力,上联“杜少陵……三过必醉”写有关岳阳楼的史实传说,下联“洞庭湖……东道崖疆”盛绘岳阳楼的山川形盛。尤其是范希文、滕子京两个人名及“南极潇湘,北通巫峡”的描绘在中学学习《岳阳楼记》时接触过,据此断定为岳阳楼。 答案:B

  2.“两字关情”中的“两字”指的是 ( )

  A.王之涣在《登鹳鹊楼》一诗中说到的“千”、“一”。

  B.王勃在《滕王阁序》诗中说到的“老”、“穷”。

  C.范仲淹在《岳阳楼记》一文中说的“忧”、“乐”。

  D.崔颢在《黄鹤楼》一诗中提到的“愁”、“愈”。

  解析:本题考查文学常识。范仲淹,字希文,又由《岳阳楼记》一文中“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”知“两字关情”为范仲淹在《岳阳楼记》中说的“忧”、“乐”。鹳鹊楼、滕王阁、黄鹤楼没有影响如此深远的两字。答案:C

  3.这副对联的内容丰富,归纳上下联的主要意思正确的应该是 ( )

  A.上联写楼的史实,下联写作者的感慨。

  B.上联写楼的史实和传说,下联写洞庭湖的位置。

  C。上联写楼的传说,下联写湖光景色。

  D.上联写楼的史实和传说,下联写洞庭湖的风景大观和作者的感慨。

  解析:本题考查对文意的把握。综观全联,上联写楼的史实和传说,下联写湖庭风景及作者感慨,即此地人杰地灵,这正是作者要表达的真意。A中少言“传说”及“景观”,B中没谈下联中作者感慨;C中缺“史实”及“感慨”等内容。

  【风景剪辑】

  风景1:

  ①《唐摭言》卷五载:“王勃著《膝王阁序》时年十四。都督阎公不之信。勃虽在座,而周公意属于婿盂学土者为之,已宿构矣。乃以纸笔巡让宾客,勃不辞让。公大怒,拂衣而起,专令人伺其下笔。第一报云:‘南昌故郡,洪都新府。’公曰:‘是亦老生常谈’。又报云:‘星分翼轸,地接衡庐。’公闻之,沈吟不言。又云:‘落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色。’公矍然而起,曰:‘此真天才,当垂不朽矣!’遂亟请宴所,极欢而罢。”

  ②勃往省觐,途过南昌。时都督阎公新修膝王阁成,九月九日,大会宾客,将令其婿作记,以夸盛事。勃至入谒,帅知其才,因请为之。勃欣然对客操觚,顷刻而就,文不加点。满座大惊。酒酣,辞别,帅赠百缯。 ———《中国文学家大辞典》

  风景2:

  岳阳楼、滕王阁、黄鹤楼号称江南三大名楼,有联赞曰:“洞庭月,衡岳云,巫山雨,波撼气蒸,揽天下风光,堪称独步;崔灏诗,范相记,王勃序,两楼一阁,数江南文物,各有千秋。”

  黄鹤楼在武汉长江边的蛇山上,隔江遥对龟山。始建于公元223年,传费文伟于此驾鹤成仙而得名。此楼屡建屡废,现楼高51.4米,共五层,古色古香。诗文以催颢的《黄鹤楼》诗和李白的《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》诗最为著名。

  岳阳楼在湖南岳阳洞庭湖边,遥对湖心岛君山。原为三国吴将鲁肃的阅兵台。亦屡有兴废。现楼高19.72米,共三层。诗文以杜甫的《登岳阳楼》诗和范仲淹的《岳阳楼记》文最为著名。

  滕王阁在江西南昌赣江之滨,为唐太宗之弟滕王李元婴所建,历代屡有兴废。为三大名楼之首,现楼高25米,为明三暗五层结构。诗文以王勃的《滕王阁序》和《滕王阁》诗最著名。

  延伸阅读:

  Person's life

  Early experiences

  Tang dynasty when he was young is very bright, at the age of six to poetry, and poetry, clever word img, was his father's friends Du Yi referred to as "top-notch" for this reason the wang tree ", one of the shows in the early tang dynasty show outstanding literary talent.

  At the age of nine, wang bo, after reading yan shi's book of han dynasty, wrote "the fingers of the defect" ten volumes, pointing out the mistakes of yan shi gu's writings, which showed that wang bo had learned a lot in his early years.

  At the age of ten, wang got a good look at six classics.

  Twelve to fourteen years of age, tang dynasty followed cao yuan, who studied medicine in changan has studied the zhouyi, huangdi neijing, such as "difficult", the "three was the best thing, the hall of jade or the number of" known.

  Not champions and foster

  In the three years of longshuo (663), wang bo returned to his hometown and wrote articles such as "ma shu in the shang dynasty", looking for opportunities and active entry.

  In the autumn of the first year (664), wang bo wrote his book on liu xiangdao and showed his determination to use the world, and he praised "the child prodigy!"

  In two years, wang bo offered "ode to the house of qian" by the emperor and the emperor, and he offered "ode" to the emperor.

  In the first year of the dry seal year (666), wang bo took a piece of the song of Chen of dong yue from li changbo, and then he was the most junior officer of the imperial court. After that, the fountain of talent, the written end of the flowers, the work of "ode to the house of qian", the article is beautiful, shocked the holy hearing. Tang gaozong saw this eulogy, singing the praises, the word beautiful and strong, but not and the weak crown of the child of the child, exclamation: "the wizards, the wizards, my great tang wizards!" Wang bo's literary name is also for the shock, with Yang jiong, lu zhaoyang, luo bin-wang, "early tang four jie", and push to the first.

  Curse of the cockfight

  Wang bo, when he was a young man, was introduced by the examiners, and he worked as a master of peiwang, and won the favor of peiwang li xian. At one time, peiwang li xian and the king li zhe fighting chicken, wang bo wrote a "king of the king of the king of the king of the king", the fight for the king's fighting chicken, as a way to help the king. Unexpectedly this article reached to tang gao zong's hand, the holy yan is not displeasure, read bi then nu and sigh way: "the bad talent, the bad talent! Two Kings cockfighting, tang dynasty as a doctor, not for exhortation, but as a campaign (ancient used to recruit, spoke to a government announcement or issue, exposing crimes such as documents, now and in the case of militancy strong criticism, denounce the article), interested in fiction, exaggerate things, this person should be ejected from the palace immediately." Tang gaozong thought the article was intended to sow dissension, and chin ordered him to be expelled from chang 'an. So wang bo was expelled. He was destroyed by his talent and his elaborate career.

  Secondary thatthere

  The second blow to wang was the crime of killing an official slave who was hiding in the state of guo.

  In the autumn and winter of xianheng (671), wang bo returned to chang 'an from shu to participate in the selection. His friend, ling ji, who was at the time of guo zhou's judiciary, said that guo was rich in drugs, and he knew about medicine and medicine, so he got an army job in the state of guo. When he was in the army in the state of guo, there was a man named cao da who committed a crime. He hid the criminal and then he was afraid to leak the news. He killed cao da. Thanks to an amnesty, there was no execution. It was very strange that wang bo wanted to protect cao da, who was hiding his protection and how he could kill him. According to the old and new "tang books", wang bo's misfortune was caused by the feeling of pride and jealousy of his colleagues. The official slave cao da, some people suspected that the design of the formation of wang bo for their colleagues, or a false accusation, not without reason. The misfortune, though not lost, announced the end of his career.

  In the south China sea

  Wang bo killed his officer, cao da, and his father, wang fu domain, was demoted to the south by his army, which was demoted to the county magistrate

  Drought. This was a blow to wang, far more than punishment for himself. Although wang bo has a wild side, he has established the basic principles of the world, but is the ruler of Confucianism. Wang bo expressed his guilt about his father in "a hundred miles of changshu". The insult is deep. Cheng yi gray body bone, the father of xie jun... Today, my Lord will be far away from the country. Three rivers and five lakes, the east ou and the south China sea. Jie! The sin of this burb, also, has no escape to heaven and earth." From it, he felt a deep sense of shame and remorse for his filial son.

  After he was released from prison, he stayed at home for more than a year, when the court announced that he was resuming his old job. He had taken the eunuchs as a way to go. He has two years (in 675) fall from luoyang migrating south along the canal, arriving in mid-august, huaiyin, again from huaiyin to chuzhou, left chuzhou, continue along the canal south, into the Yangtze river bends to the west, after the jiangning.

  In the spring and summer of the first three years (676), wang bo, who was already in his great fortune, met his embarrassed father. Soon after, wang was on his way home. It was summer and the south China sea was so hot that wang bo drowned and was frightened to death.

  人物生平

  早年经历

  王勃幼年时就非常聪慧,六岁时便能作诗,且诗文构思巧妙,词情英迈,被父亲的好友杜易简称赞为“王氏三株树”之一,表明了王勃早年就显示出杰出的文学才能。

  九岁时,王勃读颜师古注的《汉书》后,撰写了《指瑕》十卷,指出颜师古的著作错误之处,表现了王勃早年就博学多才。

  十岁时,王勃便饱览六经。

  十二岁至十四岁时,王勃跟随曹元在长安学医,先后学习了《周易》、《黄帝内经》、《难经》等,对“三才六甲之事,明堂玉匮之数”有所知晓。

  未冠而仕

  龙朔三年(663年) 王勃回到家乡,写《上绛州上官司马书》等文章,寻找机会,积极入仕。

  麟德元年秋(664年), 王勃上书刘祥道,直陈政见,并表明自己积极用世的决心,深得刘祥道赞赏“此神童也!”

  麟德二年,王勃通过皇甫常伯向唐高宗献《乾元殿颂》,借献“颂”以图仕进之意甚明。

  乾封元年(666年),王勃通过李常伯上《宸游东岳颂》一篇,接着应幽素科试及第,授朝散郎,成为朝廷最年少的命官。之后,才思泉涌,笔端生花,撰《乾元殿颂》,文章绮丽,惊动圣听。唐高宗见此颂词,歌功颂德,词美义壮,乃是未及弱冠的神童所为,惊叹不已:“奇才,奇才,我大唐奇才!”王勃的文名也为之大振,与杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王合称“初唐四杰”,并推为首位。

  祸起《斗鸡赋》

  王勃当上朝散郎后,经主考官的介绍,担任沛王府修撰,并赢得了沛王李贤的欢心。一次,沛王李贤与英王李哲斗鸡,王勃写了一篇《檄英王鸡文》,讨伐英王的斗鸡,以此为沛王助兴。不料此文传到唐高宗手中,圣颜不悦,读毕则怒而叹道:“歪才,歪才!二王斗鸡,王勃身为博士,不进行劝诫,反倒作檄文(古代用于征召,晓谕的政府公告或声讨、揭发罪行等的文书,现在也指战斗性强的批判,声讨文章),有意虚构,夸大事态,此人应立即逐出王府。”唐高宗认为此篇意在挑拨离间,钦命将他逐出长安。于是,王勃被逐。他凭着自己的才情和苦心经营刚刚打通的仕途,就这样毁于一旦。

  二次被贬

  王勃所遇到的第二次打击,是在虢州参军任上杀死自己所匿藏的官奴而犯罪。

  咸亨二年(671年)秋冬,王勃从蜀地返回长安参加科选。他的朋友凌季友当时为虢州司法,说虢州药物丰富,而他知医识药草,便为他在虢州谋得一个参军之职。就在他任虢州参军期间,有个叫曹达的官奴犯罪,他将罪犯藏匿起来,后来又怕走漏风声,便杀死曹达以了其事,结果因此而犯了死罪。幸亏遇大赦,没有被处死。此事甚为蹊跷,王勃为什么要保护罪犯曹达,既藏匿保护又怎能将其杀死。据新旧《唐书》所载,王勃此次被祸,是因情才傲物,为同僚所嫉。官奴曹达事,有人怀疑为同僚设计构陷王勃,或者纯属诬陷,不无道理。这次被祸,虽遇赦未丢掉性命,但宣告了他仕途的终结。

  魂归南海

  王勃因杀死官奴曹达,连累了他的父亲王福畴,王福畴从雍州司功参军被贬为交趾县令,远谪到南

  荒之外。这件事对王勃的打击,远远超过对自己的惩罚。王勃为人虽有放浪不羁的一面,但他立身处世的基本原则,却以儒家的礼法为标尺。王勃在《上百里昌言疏》中表达了对父亲的内疚心情:“如勃尚何言哉!辱亲可谓深矣。诚宜灰身粉骨,以谢君父……今大人上延国谴,远宰边邑。出三江而浮五湖,越东瓯而渡南海。嗟乎!此勃之罪也,无所逃于天地之间矣。”从中可体会到身为孝子的王勃内心强烈的羞愧和自责。

  王勃出狱后在家里停留了一年多,这时朝廷宣布恢复他的旧职,他已视宦海为畏途,没有接受。他在上元二年(675年)的秋天从洛阳出发沿运河南下,于八月中旬到达淮阴,又从淮阴到楚州,离开楚州,继续沿运河南下,入长江后折向西行,到了江宁。

  大约在上元三年(676年)春夏,王勃已至交趾王福畴处,见到了他生活窘困的父亲。不久后,王勃便踏上归途。当时正值夏季,南海风急浪高,王勃不幸溺水,惊悸而死。

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